Estudio radiológico para evaluar la difusión de dos volúmenes (10 vs. 20ml) de contraste radiopaco en el bloqueo de las ramas cutáneas de los nervios intercostales en la línea medio axilar (BRILMA) en un modelo experimental porcino / Radiological study to evaluate the spreading of two volumes (10 vs. 20ml) of radiological contrast in the block of cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves in medial axillary line (BRILMA) in a porcine experimental model

Objetivo: Los bloqueos interfasciales de la pared torácica se están desarrollando como alternativa a los bloqueos centrales en la cirugía de mama. Sin embargo, existen escasos estudios que hayan evaluado la extensión anatómica del anestésico local. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar, mediante fluoroscopia, la difusión de dos volúmenes (10 vs. 20ml) de contraste radiopaco (iopamidol) en el bloqueo del plano serrato-intercostal (BRILMA) en un modelo experimental porcino. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron 10 cerdos de la raza Large-White a los que se realizó un bloqueo BRILMA ecoguiado bilateral, administrando 10 y 20ml de iopamidol en hemitórax izquierdo y derecho, respectivamente. La difusión del contraste se analizó por fluoroscopia. Se utilizó el test de correlación de Spearman para evaluar la relación entre el volumen administrado y la difusión radiológica. Se consideró significativo un valor de p<0,05. Resultados: Se realizaron 20 bloqueos, pudiéndose analizar 18. La administración de 10ml de contraste se asoció con una difusión media de 2,28±0,31 espacios (IC 95%: 2,01-2,54), mientras que la administración de 20ml mostró una difusión de 3±0,25 espacios (IC 95%: 2,81-3,18). Hubo una correlación significativa entre el volumen inyectado y la difusión del contraste (coeficiente de correlación de Spearman de 0,81; p=0,0001). Conclusión: Nuestros resultados demuestran una difusión dependiente del volumen en el bloqueo BRILMA, aunque sin guardar una relación 1:1. Duplicar el volumen ha incrementado en un 31% los segmentos bloqueados. Estos hallazgos, si se corroboran en la práctica clínica, permitirían un ajuste más preciso en el volumen de anestésico administrado

Objective: Interfascial blocks of the thoracic wall are being developed as an alternative to central blocks in breast surgery. However, there are few studies that have evaluated the anatomical extension of the local anaesthetic. The objective of this study was to analyse, using fluoroscopy, the spreading of two volumes (10 vs. 20ml) of radiological contrast in the serratus-intercostal plane block in an experimental pig model. Material: and methods Ten Large-White breed pigs were selected to have a bilateral ultrasound serratus-intercostal plane block performed, with the administering of 10ml and 20ml of iopamidol in the right and left hemithorax, respectively. The spreading of contrast was analysed by fluoroscopy. The Spearman test correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between the administered volume and radiological spreading. A value of P<.05 was considered significant. Results: Twenty anaesthetic blocks were performed, being able to analyse 18 of them. The administration of 10ml of contrast was associated with a mean spreading of 2.28±0.31 (95% CI; 2.01-2.54) intercostal spaces, while the administration of 20ml showed a spreading of 3±0.25 (95% CI; 2.81-3.18) intercostal spaces. There was a significant correlation between the injected volume and the spreading of the contrast (Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.81; P=.0001). Conclusion: The results showed a spreading of volume subject to the serratus-intercostal plane block, although not maintaining a 1:1 ratio. Doubling the volume increased the blocked segments by 31%. These findings, if corroborated in the clinical practice, would allow a more precise adjustment in the anaesthetic volume administered

Radiological study to evaluate the spreading of two volumes (10 vs. 20ml) of radiological contrast in the block of cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves in medial axillary line (BRILMA) in a porcine experimental model. / Estudio radiológico para evaluar la difusión de dos volúmenes (10 vs. 20ml) de contraste radiopaco en el bloqueo de las ramas cutáneas de los nervios intercostales en la línea medio axilar (BRILMA) en un modelo experimental porcino.

OBJECTIVE: Interfascial blocks of the thoracic wall are being developed as an alternative to central blocks in breast surgery. However, there are few studies that have evaluated the anatomical extension of the local anaesthetic. The objective of this study was to analyse, using fluoroscopy, the spreading of two volumes (10 vs. 20ml) of radiological contrast in the serratus-intercostal plane block in an experimental pig model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten Large-White breed pigs were selected to have a bilateral ultrasound serratus-intercostal plane block performed, with the administering of 10ml and 20ml of iopamidol in the right and left hemithorax, respectively. The spreading of contrast was analysed by fluoroscopy. The Spearman test correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between the administered volume and radiological spreading. A value of P<.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Twenty anaesthetic blocks were performed, being able to analyse 18 of them. The administration of 10ml of contrast was associated with a mean spreading of 2.28±0.31 (95% CI; 2.01-2.54) intercostal spaces, while the administration of 20ml showed a spreading of 3±0.25 (95% CI; 2.81-3.18) intercostal spaces. There was a significant correlation between the injected volume and the spreading of the contrast (Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.81; P=.0001). CONCLUSION: The results showed a spreading of volume subject to the serratus-intercostal plane block, although not maintaining a 1:1 ratio. Doubling the volume increased the blocked segments by 31%. These findings, if corroborated in the clinical practice, would allow a more precise adjustment in the anaesthetic volume administered.

Réplica al artículo «Rotura de aneurisma iliaco durante el preacondicionamiento con levosimendán previo a cirugía de revascularización coronaria, ¿fue levosimendán el factor más influyente?» / Reply to article 'Iliac aneurysm rupture during preconditioning with levosimendan for coronary artery graft, it was levosimendan the most influencing factor?'

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Trastornos neurológicos en cirugía cardíaca: diagnóstico de tumoraciones cerebrales durante el postoperatorio / Neurological disorders after cardiac surgery: Diagnosis of cerebral tumors in the postoperative period

Las alteraciones neurológicas en el postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca son frecuentes y habitualmente consecuencia de una suma compleja de factores preoperatorios e intraoperatorios. Presentamos 2 casos de tumoraciones cerebrales diagnosticadas en el periodo postoperatorio inmediato tras presentar alteraciones neurológicas, y en las que las exploraciones complementarias proporcionaron información clínicamente útil (AU)

The incidence of neurologic disorders in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery is high and usually due to a combination of pre- and intraoperative factors. We present 2 patients with brain tumors diagnosed in the immediate postoperative period after sudden onset of neurologic dysfunction. Image studies yielded clinically useful information in these 2 cases (AU)

Total intravenous anesthesia for aortic aneurysm replacement surgery in a patient with limb-girdle dystrophy / Anestesia total intravenosa para sustitución de aorta ascendente por aneurisma en paciente con distrofia muscular de cinturas

We report the anesthetic management with total intravenous anesthesia of a 61-year-old male diagnosed with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy admitted for replacement of ascending aorta due to an aortic aneurysm. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy belongs to a genetically heterogeneous group of muscular dystrophies involving shoulder and hip girdles. Although the risk of malignant hyperthermia does not seem to be increased in these patients compared with the general population, the exposure to inhaled anesthetics and succinylcholine should probably be avoided because these patients have a predisposition to hyperkalemia and rhabdomyolysis. We chose to use total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, remifentanil and muscle relaxants to reduce oxygen consumption, and later to reduce the doses of propofol and remifentanil. The combination of a carefully planned anesthetic strategy, anesthetic depth, and neuromuscular blockade monitoring is explained (AU)

Presentamos el tratamiento anestésico con anestesia total intravenosa de un varón de 61 años diagnosticado de distrofia muscular de cinturas para sustitución de aorta ascendente por aneurisma aórtico. La distrofia muscular de cinturas es un grupo genéticamente heterogéneo de distrofias musculares que afecta predominantemente la cintura escapular y pélvica. Aunque el riesgo de hipertermia maligna no parece estar aumentado en estos pacientes en comparación con la población general, la exposición a anestésicos inhalatorios y succinilcolina probablemente deba evitarse ya que existe una predisposición a la hiperpotasemia y rabdomiólisis. Utilizamos anestesia intravenosa total con propofol y remifentanilo, además de bloqueanttes musculares durante el procedimiento quirúrgico, para reducir el consumo de oxígeno y minimizar las dosis de propofol y remifentanilo. La combinación de una estrategia anestésica cuidadosa, monitorización de bloqueo neuromuscular y profundidad anestésica se describen a continuación (AU)

Hipotermia terapéutica prolongada tras cirugía de drenaje de derrame pericárdico / Prolonged therapeutic hypothermia after pericardial effusion drain surgery

La hipotermia terapéutica es un tratamiento efectivo para la protección neurológica tras parada cardíaca extrahospitalaria, y podría ser beneficiosa también en la parada cardíaca intrahospitalaria. Su utilización en pacientes posquirúrgicos es limitada debido al riesgo incrementado de complicaciones específicas, especialmente de hemorragia. Existen diferencias en los tiempos de hipotermia terapéutica empleados, tanto para alcanzar la temperatura objetivo, como en la duración de la terapia, por lo que la estrategia óptima todavía está por determinar. Presentamos un caso de utilización de hipotermia terapéutica durante 48 h tras una parada cardíaca, en el contexto de drenaje quirúrgico de un derrame pericárdico severo con compromiso hemodinámico (AU)

Therapeutic hypothermia is an effective treatment for neurological protection after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and may also be beneficial for in-hospital cardiac arrest. Its use is limited in post-surgical patients due to the risk of specific complications, particularly bleeding. There are significant differences among previous publications regarding the time to reach the target temperature and the duration of therapy, so the optimal strategy is not yet established. We present the case of a patient who suffered a perioperative cardiac arrest related to a pericardial tamponade, and who underwent therapeutic hypothermia for 48 h (AU)

Black esophagus (acute esophageal necrosis) after spinal anesthesia / Esófago negro (necrosis esofágica aguda) tras anestesia subaracnoidea

Acute esophagic necrosis or black esophagus is an uncommon clinical entity that owes its name to the endoscopic view of the necrotic esophageal mucosa. It is always related with a critical medical condition and usually has an ischemic etiology. We report the first case of acute esophageal necrosis after a spinal anesthetic for partial hip joint arthroplasty. We discuss the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms (AU)

La necrosis esofágica aguda o esófago negro es una entidad clínica infrecuente que debe su nombre al aspecto necrótico de la mucosa esofágica observado durante una endoscopia digestiva alta. Se relaciona siempre con estados clínicos de gravedad y su etiología es habitualmente isquémica. Presentamos el primer caso de necrosis esofágica aguda tras anestesia subaracnoidea para la realización de una artroplastia parcial de cadera. Se discuten los mecanismos fisiopatológicos subyacentes (AU)

Medicación crónica durante el preoperatorio: ¿suspender o no suspender? / Chronic medications in the preoperative period: should they be stopped?

Dada la creciente implicación de diversos especialistas en la atención preoperatoria (debido por un lado a la realización de cirugías menores en el ámbito de la atención primaria y por otro lado a la necesaria coordinación de los médicos de atención primaria con los servicios quirúrgicos y de anestesiología hospitalarias para optimizar los resultados de nuestros pacientes), creemos que es necesaria una actualización sobre el manejo de las medicaciones crónicas en este periodo. A continuación intentaremos revisar la bibliografía actual sobre las recomendaciones en cuanto a la suspensión o continuación de los fármacos más frecuentes (AU)

As different specialists are becoming increasingly involved in the preoperative management of our patients (for two main reasons; Primary Care doctors have to perform minor surgical procedures, and as coordination between Primary Care and In-hospital Care is more and more necessary in order to improve their outcomes), we believe that an update is needed as regards the management of chronic medications in this period. We will try to review the current literature dealing with the recommendations about withdrawing or continuing these drugs (AU)

Rotura de aneurisma ilíaco durante el precondicionamiento con levosimendán previo a cirugía de revascularización coronaria / Iliac aneurysm rupture during preconditioning with levosimendan for coronary artery bypass graft

Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 77 años programado para cirugía de revascularización coronaria. Coincidiendo con la infusión de levosimendán como precondicionamiento previo a la cirugía, se produjo la rotura de un aneurisma ilíaco derecho, lo que obligó a suspender la intervención y realizar un bypass aortobifemoral urgente. Creemos que esta rotura pudo verse precipitada por el incremento de la presión transmural debida al efecto inotrópico del levosimendán sobre un vaso dilatado y aterosclerótico. Por lo que sabemos, no existe ningún caso de rotura de aneurisma como complicación durante la infusión de levosimendán, pero la coincidencia de acontecimientos en el tiempo nos hace pensar en cierta relación causa-efecto (AU)

We present the case of a 77-year-old patient scheduled for coronary artery bypass. During the infusion of levosimendan as preconditioning for surgery, the break of an aneurysm took place iliac rightly, which forced to suspend the intervention and to fulfil an urgent bypass aortobyfemoral. We believe that this break could turn precipitated by the increase of the pressure transmural owed to the effect inotropic of the levosimendan on an extensive glass and aterosclerotic. For what we know, there does not exist any case of break of aneurysm as complication during the infusion of levosimendan, but the coincidence of events in the time makes us think about certain cause and effect relationship (AU)

[Iliac aneurysm rupture during preconditioning with levosimendan for coronary artery bypass graft]. / Rotura de aneurisma ilíaco durante el precondicionamiento con levosimendán previo a cirugía de revascularización coronaria.

We present the case of a 77 year-old patient scheduled for coronary artery bypass. During the infusion of levosimendan as preconditioning for surgery, a rupture of right common iliac artery occurred. Surgery was delayed and an urgent aorto-bifemoral bypass was performed. We believe that the rupture of the artery was triggered by an increase in transmural pressure due to the inotropic effects of levosimendan in a dilated diseased vessel. To our knowledge, there are no cases of aneurysm rupture as a complication during levosimendan infusion, but the coincidence of events in time strongly suggests some kind of causal relationship.

[Prolonged therapeutic hypothermia after pericardial effusion drain surgery]. / Hipotermia terapéutica prolongada tras cirugía de drenaje de derrame pericárdico.

Therapeutic hypothermia is an effective treatment for neurological protection after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and may also be beneficial for in-hospital cardiac arrest. Its use is limited in post-surgical patients due to the risk of specific complications, particularly bleeding. There are significant differences among previous publications regarding the time to reach the target temperature and the duration of therapy, so the optimal strategy is not yet established. We present the case of a patient who suffered a perioperative cardiac arrest related to a pericardial tamponade, and who underwent therapeutic hypothermia for 48h.

Total intravenous anesthesia for aortic aneurysm replacement surgery in a patient with limb-girdle dystrophy.

We report the anesthetic management with total intravenous anesthesia of a 61-year-old male diagnosed with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy admitted for replacement of ascending aorta due to an aortic aneurysm. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy belongs to a genetically heterogeneous group of muscular dystrophies involving shoulder and hip girdles. Although the risk of malignant hyperthermia does not seem to be increased in these patients compared with the general population, the exposure to inhaled anesthetics and succinylcholine should probably be avoided because these patients have a predisposition to hyperkalemia and rhabdomyolysis. We chose to use total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, remifentanil and muscle relaxants to reduce oxygen consumption, and later to reduce the doses of propofol and remifentanil. The combination of a carefully planned anesthetic strategy, anesthetic depth, and neuromuscular blockade monitoring is explained.

[Chronic medications in the preoperative period: should they be stopped?]. / Medicación crónica durante el preoperatorio: ¿suspender o no suspender?

As different specialists are becoming increasingly involved in the preoperative management of our patients (for two main reasons; Primary Care doctors have to perform minor surgical procedures, and as coordination between Primary Care and In-hospital Care is more and more necessary in order to improve their outcomes), we believe that an update is needed as regards the management of chronic medications in this period. We will try to review the current literature dealing with the recommendations about withdrawing or continuing these drugs.

Black esophagus (acute esophageal necrosis) after spinal anesthesia.

Acute esophagic necrosis or black esophagus is an uncommon clinical entity that owes its name to the endoscopic view of the necrotic esophageal mucosa. It is always related with a critical medical condition and usually has an ischemic etiology. We report the first case of acute esophageal necrosis after a spinal anesthetic for partial hip joint arthroplasty. We discuss the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.

[Neurological disorders after cardiac surgery: Diagnosis of cerebral tumors in the postoperative period]. / Trastornos neurológicos en cirugía cardíaca: diagnóstico de tumoraciones cerebrales durante el postoperatorio.

The incidence of neurologic disorders in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery is high and usually due to a combination of pre- and intraoperative factors. We present 2 patients with brain tumors diagnosed in the immediate postoperative period after sudden onset of neurologic dysfunction. Image studies yielded clinically useful information in these 2 cases.